Gallbladder disease who is at risk

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Insulin resistance and incident gallbladder disease in pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Origin and fate of biliary sludge. Download references. We thank the MEC participants for their participation and commitment. We would also like to especially acknowledge Dr. Brian E. Henderson, who passed away before this paper was submitted. Without his mentorship and tremendous efforts in co-founding the MEC, this work would not have been possible.

Individual-level data from participants in the MEC are not available online. Jane C. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. JCF, JP and VWS were involved in the study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript, statistical analysis and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. LLM and CH were involved in acquisition of data; analysis and interpretation of data; drafting of the manuscript and obtained funding.

DS and LW were involved in the statistical analysis, interpretation of the data and drafting of the manuscript. NT, WC and JB were involved in the interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript, and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript. Correspondence to Jane C. Participation was voluntary; receipt of a completed questionnaire in the mail was evidence of a desire to participate in the MEC and was taken as a formal indication of consent.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. MEC questionnaire for collecting baseline data used in this study. PDF kb. DOCX 16 kb. Reprints and Permissions. Figueiredo, J. BMC Gastroenterol 17, Download citation. Received : 20 June Accepted : 15 November Published : 08 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. The definition of abnormal GB finding included stones, sludge, polyps, and adenomyomatosis detected using ultrasonography. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9. Overall, 27, The prevalence rate of GB stones was 1. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All data underlying the study are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. In , cholecystectomy ranked seventh among operative cases in Korea that were filed with the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service [ 9 ].

Risk factors for GB disease can be categorized into two, namely, 1 immutable factors, such as ethnicity, advanced age, female sex, and pregnancy, and 2 modifiable factors. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of gallstones. High low-density lipoprotein LDL , low high-density lipoprotein HDL , and high triglyceride levels are positively correlated with gallstone formation [ 10 , 11 ]. Diet and lifestyle, particularly with diet westernization increased fat , changed the stone composition from pigment to cholesterol gallstones [ 14 — 16 ].

The prevalence of obesity, which accounts for the largest percentage of risk factors, is increasing in Korea. Furthermore, from to , the average body mass index BMI and waist size increased among young male and female adults [ 9 ].

Taking these states into account, we need to investigate the prevalence of GB disease in young individuals undergoing health screening owing to the change in dietary habits in recent years.

Few studies have examined the risk factors for GB disease in the young population [ 17 , 18 ]. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for GB disease in young adults based on health checkup data in Korea. The included cohort comprised , men and , women aged 20—89 years who underwent screening via the KMI between and Among them, individuals with missing information in records were excluded, and , individuals were finally included , men, , women Fig 1.

Anthropometric data included height, weight, and waist and thigh circumferences. A questionnaire that included questions about life habits history of alcohol consumption and smoking was used in the examination. Laboratory tests included a blood test complete blood cell count, liver function, renal function, thyroid function, lipid profile, anemia, and tumor marker and urine analyses.

Based on average values in Koreans aged 20—30 years, the mean waist circumference is The cutoff value for cholesterol level was the mean value in our data. We performed further analysis of the value based on the cutoff value. Abdominal ultrasonographic findings were reported as either negative or positive abnormal finding for the GB, liver, kidney, and pancreas.

This study received approval from the institutional review board of Gangnam Severance Hospital , and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The outlier group was defined based on anthropometric and laboratory data. We excluded the outlier group from the total datasets. With respect to abnormal abdominal ultrasonographic findings, we defined abnormal GB finding as GB stones, polyps, and adenomyomatosis Fig 1.

Anthropometric indices and laboratory values were compared for any difference, and we evaluated whether the difference was significant using paired t-test. Data were processed using SAS software version 9. Anthropometric indices and laboratory data of the young age group were analyzed Table 1.

In the young age group, the mean age of men and women was In addition, the mean height and weight were The BMI was A BMI of The mean waist and thigh circumference in the young age group were All variables showed statistically significant differences between men and women. In the young age group, 1, 1. Among participants, All variables showed statistically significant differences between men and women Table 2.

In men and women, there were significant differences in age values between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group. In men, significant differences in BMI, triglyceride level, and laboratory data hemoglobin, hematocrit, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase were observed between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group.

In women, significant differences in the values of anthropometric indices weight, BMI, waist and thigh circumferences , LDL and HDL levels, and laboratory data hemoglobin, hematocrit, alanine aminotransferase, albumin between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group Table 3. Odds ratios for abnormal GB finding in young men A and women B observed from health checkup data. We compared the GB stone group and non-GB stone group among young adults.

Multivariate analysis of the risk of gallstones by some variables, including anthropometric indices and obesity-related factors, was performed in the young age group. Odds ratios for the presence of gallstones in young men A and women B observed from health checkup data. BMI, obesity, abdominal fat, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus are confirmed risk factors for gallstones [ 5 , 10 , 12 , 21 — 24 ].

People chronically infected with salmonella the bacterium that causes typhoid and those who are carriers of typhoid are more likely to get gallbladder cancer than those not infected. This is probably because the infection can cause gallbladder inflammation. Typhoid is very rare in the US. Most gallbladder cancers are not found in people with a family history of the disease. Studies have found other factors that might increase the risk of gallbladder cancer, but the links are not as clear.

These include:. Gallstones Gallstones are the most common risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Porcelain gallbladder Porcelain gallbladder is a condition in which the wall of the gallbladder becomes covered with calcium deposits.

Female gender In the US, gallbladder cancer occurs 3 to 4 times more often in women than in men. Obesity Patients with gallbladder cancer are more often overweight or obese than people without this disease. Older age Gallbladder cancer is seen mainly in older people, but younger people can develop it as well. Choledochal cysts Choledochal cysts are bile-filled sacs along the common bile duct, the tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

Abnormalities of the bile ducts The pancreas is another organ that releases fluids through a duct into the small intestine to help digestion. Gallbladder polyps A gallbladder polyp is a growth that bulges from the surface of the inner gallbladder wall. Primary sclerosing cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis PSC is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts cholangitis leads to the formation of scar tissue sclerosis.

They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Cholecystitis This inflammation of the gallbladder is often caused by gallstones blocking the tube that leads out of your gallbladder.

Other causes include bile duct problems, tumors, serious illness, and certain infections. Cholecystitis can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. Gallbladder cancer A form of cancer that starts in the gallbladder with a group of cells that grow out of control.

About 9 out of 10 gallbladder cancers are adenocarcinomas — a cancer that starts in cells with gland-like properties that line many internal and external surfaces of the body. Gallbladder disease can affect anyone, but some people are more vulnerable than others.

You are most at risk of having gallbladder problems if you:. Gender In all populations of the world, women are twice as likely as men to develop gallstones, according to research published in April in the journal Gut and Liver. Pregnant women and those taking hormone replacement therapy are more at risk for gallstones because of higher estrogen levels. Too much estrogen can increase cholesterol in the bile and lessen gallbladder movement, increasing the risk of gallstones.

The sex difference narrows with increasing age, but is still prevalent. Genes According to research published in in Advances in Clinical Chemistry , the tendency to develop gallstones and gallbladder disease often runs in families, indicating there may be a genetic link.

Also, a mutation in a gene that controls the movement of cholesterol from the liver to the bile duct may increase a person's risk of gallstones. Defects in certain proteins may increase the risk of gallbladder disease in some people. Age Gallstones are 4 to 10 times more frequent in the older population, especially in people over